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MAKROARTIKULACIJA REŠEVANJA PROBLEMOV
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MACROARTICULATION IN PROBLEM SOLVING
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| UDK 371.3
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UDC 371.3
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DESKRIPTORJI: makroartikulacija, problemska situacija,
problem, rešitev
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DESCRIPTORS: problem situation, problem solution
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| POVZETEK - Avtor predstavlja univerzalnejšo makroartikulacijo
reševanja problemov, tako da upošteva tako psihološki kot tudi didaktično
metodični vidik tega procesa. Ugotavlja, da nobenega artikulacijskega
modela ni mogoče dosledno upoštevati, ker so ti odvisni od mnogih
dejavnikov, predvsem pa od same reševalne situacije. Model zajema
pet reševalnih stopenj, ki jih moramo prehoditi pri frontalnem, skupinskem
ali individualnem reševanju problemov.
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ABSTRACT - The author presents a universal macroarticulation
of problem solving, where the psychological as well as the didactic
and methodical aspect of the process are being taken into account.
He believes that there is no articulation model that could be strictly
observed, since they all depend on numerous factors and on the situation
itself. The model includes five solution stages, which must be considered
in frontal, group or individual problem solving situations.
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MED ŠTEVILČNIM IN OPISNIM VREDNOTENJEM (OCENJEVANJEM) ZNANJA
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BETWEEN NUMERICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE EVALUATION (ASSESSMENT) OF KNOWLEDGE
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| UDK 371.261
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UDC 371.261
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DESKRIPTORJI: preverjanje znanja, ocenjevanje znanja,
opisno ocenjevanje znanja, didaktična komponenta
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DESCRIPTORS: assessment and evaluation of knowledge,
descriptive assessment, didactical component
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| POVZETEK - Avtor v članku opredeluje funkcijo preverjanja
in ocenjevanja znanja z vidika didaktičnih komponent pouka, pa tudi
z vidika organizacije te relativno samostojne učne stopnje, in utemeljuje
potrebnost tega procesa. Opozarja, da je sposobnost mišljenja mogoče
preveriti le posredno z rezultati učenčevega miselnega dela, ki se
prezentirajo učitelju pisno ali ustno. Glede na tehniko izvajanja
loči več načinov preverjanja znanja.
V osrednjem delu članka opozarja na relativno vrednost šolskega uspeha,
ki se manifestira preko ocen posameznih predmetov. Na osnovni primerjanja
prednosti in pomanjkljivosti številčnega in (zahtevnejšega) opisnega
vrednotenja učenčevega znanja opozarja na potrebnost ustreznega usposabljanja
učiteljev za opisno vrednotenje.
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ABSTRACT - The author defines in his article the function
of evaluation and assessment of knowledge from the aspect of its didactical
component as well as from the organizational aspect of this relatively
independent learning level. He also substantiates the necessity of
the process and at the same time warns us that the ability to think
can only be evaluated indirectly through the results of pupil' s thinking
which are presented to the teacher in either written or oral form.
In the middle part the article focuses on the relative value of school
success which manifests itself in grades for individual subjects.
In comparing the advantages and the drawbacks of numerical and (more
challenging) descriptive assessment of pupil's knowledge he makes
us aware of the necessity for suitable teacher training in regard
to descriptive assessment.
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MULTIMEDIJA V IZOBRAŽEVANJU
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MULTIMEDIA IN EDUCATION
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| UDK 371.68/.69
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UDC 371.68/.69
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DESKRIPTORJI: multimedija, hipermedija, interaktivno delovanje
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DESCRIPTORS: multimedia, hypermedia, interactive performance
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| POVZETEK - Namen multimedijskega načina pouka je koordinirano
vključevanje tistih učnih medijev, ki lahko v dani učni situaciji
kar najbolj prispevajo h kvalitetnejšemu procesu spoznavanja. Avtor
z vidika stopnje interaktivnega delovanja sistema medijev opredeljuje
tradicionalne multimedijske sisteme (multimedija) in sodobne multimedijske
sisteme (hipermedija).
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ABSTRACT - The purpose of multimedia application in
education is a coordinated incorporation of those teaching media that
can in a specific teaching situation contribute best to the cognition
process of highest quality. The author defines the traditional multimedia
system (multimedia) and the modern multimedia system (hypermedia)
from the aspect of the interactive performance level.
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VIDEO V UČNEM PROCESU
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THE USE OF VIDEO IN THE LEARNING PROCESS
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| UDK 371.68
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UDC 371.68
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DESKRIPTORJI: video, učni proces
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DESCRIPTORS: video, learning process
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| POVZETEK - V članku opredeljujemo pojem videa in njegovo
vlogo v procesu učenja. Poskušamo odgovoriti na vprašanje, kdaj izbrati
video, tako da z didaktičnega vidika natančno predstavimo prednosti
in pomanjkljivosti tega medija.
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ABSTRACT - The article defines the concept of video
and its role in the learning process. It tries to answer the question
when video is to be applied in order to bring to light its advantages
and drawbacks from the didactic standpoint.
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OPISNO OCENJEVANJE IN IZBOLJŠEVANJE SPISOV
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DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT AND IMPROVING TEXT WRITING
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| UDK 372.45
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UDC 372.45
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DESKRIPTORJI: socializacijski in individualizacijski vidik
poučevanja materinščine, celostno številčno ocenjevanje, razčlenjevalno
opisno ocenjevanje, prva in druga verzija besedila.
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DESCRIPTORS: social and individual aspect in mother
tongue teaching, holistic numerical assessment, analysing descriptive
assessment, first and second text version
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| POVZETEK - Članek vsebuje kritiko opisnega ocenjevanja
spisov v začetnih razredih osnovne šole: pogosto se namreč izrojeva
v zapisovanje stereotipnih in evfemističnih pripomb k spisom. Nato
avtor prikazuje, kako lahko poglobljena opomba pod besedilom učenca
motivira in usmeri, da na podlagi prve verzije napiše vsebinsko in
pravopisno izpolnjeno drugo verzijo besedila.
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ABSTRACT - The article takes a critical standpoint towards
descriptive assessment of texts produced by pupils in lower grades
of primary school. This assessment frequently deteriorates into stereotype
and euphemistic comments. Then the author shows how a well-thought out
comment following the text can encourage and direct the pupil to write
a contextually and ortographically better second version of the text
on the basis of the first one.
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UGOTAVLJANJE GLASBENE NADARJENOSTI
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DETERMINING MUSICAL GIFTEDNESS
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| UDK 372.878
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UDC 372.878
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DESKRIPTORJI: glasbena nadarjenost, merjenje glasbenih
sposobnosti
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DESCRIPTORS: musical giftedness, assesing musical abilities
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| POVZETEK - Članek nas seznanja s problematiko definiranja
glasbene nadarjenosti in z nekaterimi testi in postopki za njeno ugotavljanje.
Največja pozornost je namenjena Reveszevemu postopku ugotavljanja
glasbene nadarjenosti, ker se elementi le-tega uporabljajo za preizkušanje
glasbene nadarjenosti tudi v Sloveniji. Na osnovi preverjanja sluha
in smisla za posamezne glasbene komponente se običajno ugotavljajo
potenciali za uspeh v poustvarjalni glasbeni dejavnosti, to pa je
neustrezno in pomanjkljivo, saj bi pri napovedovanju uspešnosti morali
upoštevati tudi druge dejavnike, kot npr. motorične sposobnosti in
vztrajnost, ki tudi veliko prispevajo k uspešnemu ukvarjanju z glasbeno
poustvarjalnostjo.
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ABSTRACT - The article presents the problem of defining
musical giftedness as well as tests and criteria for its discovery.
It further focuses on the Revesz procedure of determining musical
giftedness, the reason being that its elements are being applied in
the testing of musical giftedness in Slovenia. By testing hearing
and the feeling/sense for individual musical components, the potentials
for success in reproducing musical activities is generally tested,
which is unsuitable and inefficient, since in predicting one's success
other factors should also be taken into account, such as motory skills
and perseverance, which contribute greatly to a successful engagement
in musical reproduction.
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RAZVIJANJE USTVARJALNOSTI NA RAZREDNI STOPNJI OSNOVNE ŠOLE
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DEVELOPING CREATIVITY ON THE LOWER PRIMARY SCHOOL LEVEL
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| UDK 372.36
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UDC 372.36
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DESKRIPTORJI: ustvarjalno delo, leposlovno besedilo
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DESCRIPTORS: creative work, literary text
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| POVZETEK - Avtorica obravnava otrokovo ustvarjalnost ter
pogoje za njen razvoj pri rednem pouku na razredni stopnji osnovne
šole. Poudarek daje zlasti načinu učiteljevega dela, ki omogoča razvoj
ustvarjalnosti pri učencih. Navaja konkreten primer, v katerem uporablja
literarno besedilo kot izhodišče za ustvarjalno delo pri pouku. Tak
način predstavlja kot eno od možnosti za kvalitetnejše delo z nadarjenimi
učenci.
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ABSTRACT - The authoress treats child's creativity and
the conditions necessary for its development in the classroom on the
lower primary school level. She focuses on teacher's approach to work
which enables the development of creativity in children. She presents
a concrete example where literary text is used as a starting point
for creative work in the classroom. This example serves to show how
work with gifted children can achieve higher quality.
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UČBENIKI ZA RAZREDNI POUK NARAVOSLOVJA POD DROBNOGLEDOM
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TEXTBOOKS FOR EARLY SCIENCE UNDER A MICROSCOPE
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| UDK 371.67:372.48
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UDC 371.67:372.48
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DESKRIPTORJI: naravoslovje, sposobnosti in spretnosti,
učbeniki za SND, učbeniki za SN, integrirani učbeniki
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DESCRIPTORS: early science, abilities and skills, textbooks
for science and society studies, textbooks for early science, integrated
textbooks
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| POVZETEK - Za pouk naravoslovja je v Sloveniji trenutno
na voljo več učbenikov. Večina jih zanemarja razvoj otrokovih naravoslovnih
sposobnosti in spretnosti. Ne upoštevajo otrokovega razvoja, ki poteka
v obliki časovne spirale. V prispevku dajemo konkretne predloge za
izboljšavo učbenikov.
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ABSTRACT - In Slovenia there are at present several
textbooks for early science available. The majority of them however
disregards the development of child's abilities and skills for science.
Child's development, which proceeds in the form of a time spiral,
is not taken into account. Concrete suggestions for possible improvement
of textbooks are presented.
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NEKATERI VIDIKI SPOLNE VZGOJE V DRUŽINI PREDŠOLSKEGA OTROKA
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SOME ASPECTS OF SEXUAL EDUCATION IN THE FAMILY OF A PRE-SCHOOL CHILD
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| UDK 37.04
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UDC 37.04
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DESKRIPTORJI: družina, predšolski otrok, spolna vzgoja,
ljubezen, starši, interakcija, komunikacija, odnos med spoloma
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DESCRIPTORS: pre-school child, sexual education, love,
parents, interaction, communication, relationship between the sexes
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| POVZETEK - Avtorica je na malem vzorcu raziskovala nekatere
vidike spolne vzgoje v družini s predšolskim otrokom. Ugotavlja, da
na razvoj odnosa do lastnega spola in lastne spolne vloge vplivajo
različni dejavniki. Najpomembnejši so tisti, ki jih predšolski otrok
doživlja v družini. Starši si želijo, da bi bili otroci srečni, da
bi brez večjih ovir premagovali padce in vzpone v življenju. Prav
zato moramo spolni vzgoji dati večji pomen, pri tem morata biti vlogi
očeta in matere enakovredni. Otroci prenašajo način življenja, mišljenja,
vedenja in vrednote iz svoje družine v družino, ki si jo bodo ustvarili
sami.
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ABSTRACT - The authoress conducted a small scale research
on certain aspects of sexual education in a family with a pre-school
child. She has established that the development of the attitude towards
one's own sex and towards one's own sexual role depends on various
factors, the most relevant being those which the child experiences
in his family. Parents would like their children to be happy and to
overcome the ups and downs of life without any major distress. In
this respect sexual education deserves greater attention, where father's
and mother's roles should be equally important. Children bring the
way of life and thinking, behaviour patterns and values from this
family to their own future family.
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SODELOVANJE STARŠEV PRI VZGOJNEM DELU
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INVOLVEMENT OF PARENTS IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
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| UDK 37.06
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UDC 37.06
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DESKRIPTORJI: predšolska vzgoja, vzgojitelj, starši, oblike
in načini sodelovanja
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DESCRIPTORS: pre-school education, educators, parents,
forms and ways of cooperation
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| POVZETEK - Avtorica v članku obravnava sodelovanje staršev
in vzgojiteljev pri vzgojnem delu na predšolski stopnji. Sodelovanje
predstavlja dinamičen proces, ki se nenehno razvija, nadgrajuje in
bogati vzgojno delo. Navedenih je nekaj dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na intenzivnost in kvaliteto
sodelovanja. Starši imajo več možnosti vključevanja: pri načrtovanju
in izvedbi, v dopoldanskem in popoldanskem času, individualno, na
skupinskih prireditvah, izletih, lahko pa nudijo pomoč pri vzgojnih
sredstvih in materialni pripravi.
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ABSTRACT - In her article the authoress treats the cooperation
between parents and educators in the education of pre-school children.
The cooperation represents a dynamic process, constantly developing
and enriching educational work. The article presents factors which
have an impact on the intensity and quality of such cooperation. There
are many possibilities for parent involvement: in planning as well
as in the process itself, in the morning or in the afternoon, individually
and in group activities, on trips, or offering help in the preparation
of educational materials and media.
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ŠOLSKO SVETOVALNO DELO - NADARJENI OTROCI IN MLADOSTNIKI
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SCHOOL ADVISORY SERVICE AND GIFTED CHILDREN/TEENAGERS
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| UDK 37.042.2/.048
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UDC 37.042.2/.048
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DESKRIPTORJI: šolsko svetovalno delo, nadarjeni učenci
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DESCRIPTORS: school advisory service, gifted pupils
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POVZETEK - Šolski svetovalni delavci, ki se v slovenskih
šolah zaposlujejo že od leta 1959, s svojim delom, temelječim na doktrini,
ki jo je teoretično utemeljil F. Pediček ter jo od tedaj dalje razvijala
vedno bolj številna skupina šolskih psihologov, pedagogov in socialnih
delavcev ter v zadnjem času tudi defektologov, pomembno prispevajo
k humanizaciji vzgojno izobraževalnega procesa za vse otroke in mladostnike
in s tem tudi h krepitvi antropološko personalistične osnove dela
šole.
Interdisciplinarni pristop, ki ga s svojo prisotnostjo in delovanjem
v šolskem sistemu in v konkretnih ustanovah bogatijo in ga razvijajo,
pomembno prispeva tudi k razvijanju oblik in metod dela za spodbujanje
razvoja nadarjenih otrok in mladostnikov. Sistematična in kontinuirana
družbena skrb za nadarjene, ki je bila dokaj dolgo zanemarjena, bi
tudi z intenzivnim dodatnim izpopolnjevanjem strokovnjakov šolskega
svetovalnega dela (specializacije za delo z nadarjenimi) lahko hitreje
žela še pomembnejše uspehe.
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ABSTRACT - School advisers have been active in Slovene
schools since 1959. Their work, based on the doctrine developed by
Franc Pediček and since then further developed by a growing number
of school psychologists, pedagogues and social workers, joined newly
by defectologists, has significantly contributed to the humanization
of the educational process including all children and teenagers thus
reinforcing anthropological and personality oriented school work.
The interdisciplinary approach, which is gaining ground within the
school system and which is being enriched and developed in many concrete
institutions, is another important factor adding to the development
of forms and methods of work that encourage the development of gifted
children and teenagers. Continuous and systematic care of the society
for gifted children, which has long been neglected, could faster achieve
even better results with intensive additional training of school advisory
service experts (specializing in work with gifted children).
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