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RAZVIJANJE PROBLEMSKIH UČNIH ZMOŽNOSTI
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DEVELOPING PROBLEM LEARNING CAPABILITY
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| Izvirni znanstveni članek
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Original scientific paper
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| UDK 37.02
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UDC 37.02
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DESKRIPTORJI: problemsko učenje, samozavest, vprašanje,
nasprotje, problemska senzitivnost
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DESCRIPTORS: problem learning, self-confidence, question,
opposites, problem sensitivity
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| POVZETEK - Avtor v prispevku obravnava ustvarjalno problemsko
učenje in njegovo odvisnost od učenčeve motiviranosti. Razpravlja
o razvoju splo-šnih in posebnih problemskih zmožnosti, o čemer so
mnenja znanstvenikov deljena. Mnogi kognitivni psihologi menijo, da
je problemsko usposabljanje povezano s konkretnim predmetnim področjem,
druga skupina znanstvenikov pa meni, da je reševanje problemov najbolje
poučevati s pomočjo občega treninga. Nadalje razpravlja o vplivu nazornosti
in spodbud na problemsko senzitivnost ter o pomenu oblikovanja problemskih
vprašanj, s katerimi učenec čimbolj natančno lokalizira in formulira
območje nedoločenega in nejasnega v problemski situaciji.
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ABSTRACT - The author presents creative problem learning
and its dependence on student's motivation. He discusses the development
of general and specific problem capabilities about which scientist's
options differ. Many cognitive psychologists think that problem training
is connected to the concrete subject field, while the other group of
scientists belive that problem solving is best taught as part of
general training. Furthermore he discusses the influence of clear
instruction and encouragement for problem sensitivity and about the
importance of creating problem questions with which the learner may
localize and formulate as accurately as possible the area of the indefinite
and indistinct in the problem situation.
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POSPEŠEVANJE RAZVOJA NADARJENIH V ZVEZNI REPUBLIKI NEMČIJI
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PROMOTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GIFTED IN GERMANY
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| Pregledni članek
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Review
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| UDK 159.928-053.5(430.1)
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UDC 159.928-053.5(430.1)
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DESKRIPTORJI: nadarjeni učenci, pospeševanje razvoja,
izobraževalna politika
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DESCRIPTORS: gifted pupils, promoting the development,
educational policy
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| POVZETEK - Avtor v svojem prispevku predstavlja izobraževalno
politiko zvezne vlade in zveznih dežel v ZRN na področju pospeševanja
razvoja nadarjenih. Obsežneje prikaže ustrezne operativne ukrepe v
šolah in v okviru izvenšolskih dejavnosti, dotika pa se tudi problematike
pospeševanja razvoja nadarjenih med usposabljanjem v podjetjih in
na univerzi. Ugotavlja, da je delo pri spodbujanju razvoja nadarjenih
uspešno le na znanstveno utemeljenih osnovah, zato ministrstvo za
šolstvo financira številne projekte.
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ABSTRACT - The paper presents the educational policy
of the federal government and of the federal lands in Germany in the
area of encouraging the development of the gifted. It then focuses
on the corresponding operative measures undertaken in schools and
within the framework of extra-curricular activities. It also mentions
the problem of fostering the gifted during their training period in
firms and at the university. The author claims that work in this area
can be successful only when scientifically based, therefore the Ministry
of Education has agreed to finance numerous projects in this area.
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ŠOLSKI PARADIŽ - TOLSTOJEVA SVOBODNA ŠOLA
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SCHOOLPARADISE - TOLSTOY'S FREE SCHOOL
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| Pregledni članek
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Review
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| UDK 371.4
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UDC 371.4
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DESKRIPTORJI: Jasna Poljana, predmetna ponudba, šola brez zvonca
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DESCRIPTORS: Jasna Poljana, subject proposals, school without a bell
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| POVZETEK - V prispevku je nakazan model Tolstojeve šole,
ki je nastajala kot ideja skozi njegovo življe-nje in se realizirala
v oblike šole Šolski paradiž. Šola je bila najprej namenjena kmetovalcem
in šele potem njihovim otrokom. V prispevku je nakazano tudi Tolstojevo
osebno prizadevanje za spoznavanje splo-šne pedagoške znanosti.
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ABSTRACT - The article indicates the model of Tolstoj's
school, which grew as an idea throughout his life and was realized
in the school form of 'Schoolparadise'. The school was first intended
for the farmers and only later on for their children. The article
also indicates Tolstoj's own effort to become acquainted with the
general pedagogic science.
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IDEALEN UČITELJ V DOMIŠLJIJI IN STVARNOSTI
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IDEAL TEACHER IN IMAGINATION AND IN REALITY
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| Strokovni članek
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Professional paper
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| UDK 371.124
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UDC 371.124
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DESKRIPTORJI: idealni učitelj, dejavniki idealnega poučevanja,
idealna šola in idealni seminar
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DESCRIPTORS: ideal (perfect) teacher, factors of ideal
teaching, ideal school and ideal seminar
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| POVZETEK - Avtor v sestavku pojasnjuje pogoje in relativnost
obstoja idealnega učitelja in pomen zastavljanja relevantnih vprašanj
kot prvi korak k idealnemu učitelju ter svoje teze ponazarja z opisom
idealne šole za idealnega Johnnyja in idealnega seminarja.
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ABSTRACT: In this text the author explains the conditions
and relativity of being a perfect teacher and the importance of asking
relevant questions as the first step to perfecting oneself in order
to become an ideal teacher. He illustrates his theses with the description
of ideal school for ideal Johnny and of the ideal seminar.
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VPLIV KVALITETE OTROKOVEGA VARSTVA NA OTROKOV RAZVOJ NAVEZANOSTI NA MATER
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THE INFLUENCE OF CHILD'S GUARDIANSHIP ON THE DEVELOPMENT
OF CHILD'S AFFECTION AT THE TIME OF MOTHER'S ABSENCE
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| Pregledni članek
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Review
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| UDK 159.922.7
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UDC 159.922.7
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DESKRIPTORJI: navezanost otroka na mater, občutljiv varuh,
zamenjava varuha
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DESCRIPTORS: child's affection to its mother, sensitive
guardian, changing the guardian
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| POVZETEK - Raziskave kažejo, da otroci, ki so bili v svojem
prvem letu življenja več ur na teden v varstvu pri tujih osebah, kažejo
po prvem letu starosti manj primerno vedenje do matere. V psihološki
literaturi je večkrat omenjen laboratorijski postopek preverjanja
interakcije med materjo in otrokom, imenovan tuja situacija. Ta
postopek zajema ločitev otroka od matere in ponovno snidenje z njo.
Vedenje otroka v "tuji situaciji" je odvisno od občutka varnosti,
ki ga je otrok razvil v odnosu do matere, v manjši meri odraža otrokov
temperament, sprašujemo pa se, v koliki meri je otrokov stres zaradi
materine odsotnosti povezan tudi s kvaliteto nadomestnega varstva.
Na osnovi pregleda novejše literature ugotavljamo, da nadomestni varuh, ki
je do otroka prijazen, emocionalno topel in občutljiv za otrokove potrebe
ter nanje tudi ustrezno odgovarja, pomembno zmanjša otrokov stres v času
materine odsotnosti.
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ABSTRACT - Research tells us that children who were,
during their first year of life, entrusted to care with strangers,
for several hours per week, after the first year show less appropriate
behaviour towards their mother. In psychological literature the process
of examining the interaction between the mother and child is mentioned
several times as an "alien situation". This process includes the
separation of the child from its mother and the repeated gettogether.
The behaviour of the child in such an alien situation depends on the
feeling of safety, which the child was able to develop towards the mother,
to a lesser degree it reveals the child's temperament, but it is to be
asked to what extent is the child's stress, due to its mother's absence,
connected to the quality of the substitute care. On the basis of recent
literature it can be established that a gentle, emotionally warm
substitute guardian sensitive to the child's needs and responding to
them appropriately, considerably reduces the child's stress during the
absence of the mother.
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UMSKE ZNAČILNOSTI MLADOSTNIKOV IN PROSTORSKE PREDSTAVE, POJMOVANJE
TER RAZUMEVANJE GEOGRAFSKEGA PROSTORA
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INTELLECTUAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENTS AND SPATIAL
IMAGES, KNOWING AND UNDERSTANDING GEOGRAPHICAL ENVIRONMENT
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| Strokovni članek
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Professional paper
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| UDK 372.891
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UDC 372.891
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DESKRIPTORJI: prostorska predstava, geografsko okolje,
stopnje umskega razvoja otroka, pouk geografije
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DESCRIPTORS: spatial images, geographical environment,
grade of the child's intellectual development, geography lessons
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| POVZETEK - V članku predstavljamo nekatere vrste vplivov
na oblikovanje prostorskih predstav v povezavi z umskimi značilnostmi
otrok, ki omogočajo poznavanje ter razumevanje različnih prostorskih
kategorij v okviru pouka geografije.
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ABSTRACT - In the article We're introducing some of
the influences on forming spatial images connected with children's
intellectual characteristics, which en-able the acquaintance with
and the understanding of different spatial categories within geography
lessons.
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VLOGA IN POMEN IZOBRAŽEVALNE TEHNOLOGIJE PRI POUKU TEHNIČNE VZGOJE NA
RAZREDNI STOPNJI
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ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY IN TECHNICAL EDUCATION
AT PRIMARY LEVEL
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| Strokovni članek
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Professional paper
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| UDK 372.862:371.68
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UDC 372.862:371.68
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DESKRIPTORJI - medij, izobraževanje, možgani, računalnik,
multimedija, motivacija, znanje, pridobivanje predstav in pojmov
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DESCRIPTORS: media, education, brains, computer, multimedia,
motivation, knowledge, acquiring ideas and notions
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| POVZETEK: Avtor obravnava področje učnih medijev in značilnosti
ter prednosti multimedijskih izobraževalnih aplikacij. V empiričnem
delu predstavlja rezultate raziskave, kjer primerja pouk s pomočjo
novega medija in klasičen način poučevanja v 3. razredu osnovne šole
pri tehnični vzgoji. Raziskava je pokazala, da so učni rezultati boljši
pri vseh učnih kategorijah (motivacija, znanje, pridobivanje predstav,
prikazovanje potekov in dogodkov, sprejemanje in obvladovanje računalnika),
razen pri pridobivanju novih pojmov.
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ABSTRACT - The author discusses the area of educational
media and the characteristics and advantages of multimedia educational
applications. In the empirical part he introduces research results,
where he compares education using new media and the traditional way
of teaching in the third grade of primary school, within the subject
of Tehnical education. The research revealed that the learning results
were better in all categories (motivation, knowledge, acquiring ideas,
demonstrating processes and events, adopting and mastering the computer),
with the exception of acquiring new notions.
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RAZISKOVALNA NALOGA - ODRAZ IN POTREBA SODOBNEGA POUKA
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RESEARCH WORK - REFLECTION AND NEED OF MODERN EDUCATION
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| Strokovni članek
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Professional paper
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| UDK 001.891
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UDC 001.891
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DESKRIPTORJI: raziskovalna naloga, sodobni pouk, aktivno
in ustvarjalno delo, raziskovanje
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DESCRIPTORS: research work, modern education, active
and creative work, researching
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| POVZETEK - Sestavek govori o raziskovalni nalogi. Bistvo
raziskovalne naloge kot oblike samostojnega dela je, da učenci ustvarjalno
delajo, so domiselni pri sestavi in samostojno gledajo na celoto,
ki jo predstavlja naloga. Zavzemajo svoje stališče do raziskave, kar
izrazijo v nalogi in tudi na postru.
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ABSTRACT - The article is about research work. The essence
of research work as a sort of independent work is that the students
work creatively, and use many new ideas in their work. They develop
an independent look at the whole, which the work represents. They
also take a personal attitude towards their research, which they express
in their work and also on posters.
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PROJEKTNO DELO V DOMU ZA UČENCE Z RAZVOJNIMI TEŽAVAMI
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PROJECT WORK IN RESIDENTIAL HOME FOR CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL PROBLEMS
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| Strokovni članek
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Professional paper
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| UDK 376:371.3
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UDC 376:371.3
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DESKRIPTORJI: konstruktivno in problemsko us-merjeni projekti,
zgradba in potek projekta, vzgojna in terapevtska vrednost
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DESCRIPTORS: constructive and problem oriented projects,
the structure and course of a project, training and therapeutic value
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| POVZETEK - V prispevku predstavljamo projektno učno delo
kot didaktični sistem, ki združuje elemente direktnega vodenja učno
vzgojnega procesa in elemente samostojnega otrokovega dela. Poudarjena
je otrokova lastna aktivnost, ki je gibalo njegovega razvoja in učenja.
Upoštevani so interesi, želje in sposobnosti otrok. Predstavljen je
način zadovoljevanja otrokovih psiholoških potreb in vzgojno-terapevtska
vrednost projektnega dela.
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ABSTRACT - The article demonstrates learning of a didactic
system, which compiles elements of the direct guided learning training
process and elements of the childs independent work. The emphasize
is laid on the childs own activity, which is the motive for its own
development and learning. The childs interests, whishes and capabilities
are considered. A way of satisfying the childs psycological need and
the training - therapeutic value of the project work is presented.
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DIDAKTIČNI VZOREC MOŽNE OBRAVNAVE DRUŽBOSLOVNIH VSEBIN
VPLIV STIGME NA SOCIALNO IN OSEBNO IDENTITETO
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EXAMPLE OF POSSIBLE TREATMENT OF SOCIAL STUDIES CONTENT
"INFLUENCE OF STIGMA ON SOCIAL AND PERSONAL IDENTITY"
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| Strokovni članek
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Professional paper
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| UDK 3:371.3
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UDC 3:371.3
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DESKRIPTORJI: stigmatizacija, socializacija, identiteta
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DESCRIPTORS: stigmatization, socialization, identity
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| POVZETEK - Avtorica opozarja, da je treba pri predmetnem
področju sociologija pri učencu vzbujati interes za razmišljanje o
problematiki stigmatiziranih, za kar naj učitelj uporablja dinamične
didaktične pristope, kot so socialna igra, tolerantna razlaga, diskusija.
Ugotavlja, da lahko stigmatizirane učne vsebine učenca posebej bogatijo
z vrednotami, kot so toleranca in humanizem, kar je za delovanje našega
pluralnega družbenega sistema izjemno pomembno.
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ABSTRACT - The author calls our attention to the fact
that in the subject area of sociology the teacher should apply dynamic
didactic approaches like social games, tolerant explanations and discussions.
She believes that stigmatized learning contents particularly enrich
the student with values like tolerance and humanism, which is extremely
important for the successful functioning of our plural social system.
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VLOGA POLICISTOV PRI RAZVIJANJU VARNEJŠEGA PROMETNEGA VEDENJA OTROK IN
MLADOSTNIKOV
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ROLE OF POLECEMEN IN DEVELOPING SAFER TRAFFIC CONDUCT OF CHILDREN AND
ADOLESCENTS IN SLOVENE PRIMARY SCHOOLS
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| Pregledni članek
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Review
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| UDK 372.835.181:351.74-051
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UDC 372.835.181:351.74-051
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DESKRIPTORJI: prometna vzgoja in izobraževanje, prometna
kultura, otroci, mladostniki, učitelji, policisti, cestnoprometna
varnost, preventiva
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DESCRIPTORS: traffic education, traffic culture, children,
teenagers, teachers, policemen, road safety, prevention
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| POVZETEK - Za inkulturacijo prometnovarnostnih vsebin
je najpomembnejše mladostno obdobje, v katerem lahko dosežemo najboljše
rezultate. V članku se ukvarjamo z vprašanjem družbene vloge policistov
pri izvajanju procesa prometne vzgoje in izobraževanja otrok in mladostnikov.
Tovrstno policijsko preventivno prometnovarnostno delo je bilo do
sedaj v glavnem omejeno le na nekaj posebej izbranih ter medijsko
odmevnih aktivnosti (kot sta na primer prometna varnost otrok ob pričetku
vsakega šolskega leta ter sodelovanje policistov pri opravljanju kolesarskih
izpitov), manjka pa njihova večja angažiranost pri posredovanju številnih
drugih, prav tako nepogrešljivih vsebin prometne kulture. Za uspešnejše
preventivno prometnovarnostno delo z otroki in mladostniki pa bi morali
biti policisti tudi ustrezno pedagoško usposobljeni. Vzpostaviti bi
veljalo tudi tesnejše stike med učitelji prometne vzgoje in izobraževanja
in policisti, ki so zadolženi za prometno varnost mlade generacije.
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ABSTRACT - The most important time for developing traffic
education and achieving better traffic safety belongs to the period
of young age when best results can be achieved. The article deals
with the question of policemen's social role in the process of traffic
education. Recently, preventive traffic police activities have been
mainly oriented towards carrying out some tasks which were well-received
by the media (e.g. policemen support at the beginning of every new
school year and their participation in the exams of proper bicycle
riding). Beside these, policemen sho-uld extend their activities in
presenting other subjects also important for traffic culture. Consequently,
more efficient policemen preventive work with school children and
teenagers in the area of traffic education calls for better (especially
pedagogical) qualificati-ons. Furthermore, teachers and policemen,
both responsible for better traffic safety of young generation, should
strengthen their mutual cooperation.
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